@chapter Muxers
 @c man begin MUXERS
 

 Muxers are configured elements in FFmpeg which allow writing

 multimedia streams to a particular type of file.
 

 When you configure your FFmpeg build, all the supported muxers

 are enabled by default. You can list all available muxers using the
 configure option @code{--list-muxers}.
 
 You can disable all the muxers with the configure option
 @code{--disable-muxers} and selectively enable / disable single muxers
 with the options @code{--enable-muxer=@var{MUXER}} /
 @code{--disable-muxer=@var{MUXER}}.
 
 The option @code{-formats} of the ff* tools will display the list of
 enabled muxers.
 
 A description of some of the currently available muxers follows.
 

 @anchor{crc}

 @section crc
 
 CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) testing format.
 
 This muxer computes and prints the Adler-32 CRC of all the input audio
 and video frames. By default audio frames are converted to signed
 16-bit raw audio and video frames to raw video before computing the
 CRC.
 
 The output of the muxer consists of a single line of the form:
 CRC=0x@var{CRC}, where @var{CRC} is a hexadecimal number 0-padded to
 8 digits containing the CRC for all the decoded input frames.
 
 For example to compute the CRC of the input, and store it in the file
 @file{out.crc}:
 @example
 ffmpeg -i INPUT -f crc out.crc
 @end example
 
 You can print the CRC to stdout with the command:
 @example
 ffmpeg -i INPUT -f crc -
 @end example
 

 You can select the output format of each frame with @command{ffmpeg} by

 specifying the audio and video codec and format. For example to
 compute the CRC of the input audio converted to PCM unsigned 8-bit
 and the input video converted to MPEG-2 video, use the command:
 @example

 ffmpeg -i INPUT -c:a pcm_u8 -c:v mpeg2video -f crc -

 @end example
 

 See also the @ref{framecrc} muxer.

 
 @anchor{framecrc}
 @section framecrc
 

 Per-packet CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) testing format.

 This muxer computes and prints the Adler-32 CRC for each audio
 and video packet. By default audio frames are converted to signed

 16-bit raw audio and video frames to raw video before computing the
 CRC.
 
 The output of the muxer consists of a line for each audio and video

 packet of the form:
 @example
 @var{stream_index}, @var{packet_dts}, @var{packet_pts}, @var{packet_duration}, @var{packet_size}, 0x@var{CRC}
 @end example

 @var{CRC} is a hexadecimal number 0-padded to 8 digits containing the
 CRC of the packet.
 
 For example to compute the CRC of the audio and video frames in
 @file{INPUT}, converted to raw audio and video packets, and store it
 in the file @file{out.crc}:

 @example
 ffmpeg -i INPUT -f framecrc out.crc
 @end example
 

 To print the information to stdout, use the command:

 @example
 ffmpeg -i INPUT -f framecrc -
 @end example
 

 With @command{ffmpeg}, you can select the output format to which the
 audio and video frames are encoded before computing the CRC for each
 packet by specifying the audio and video codec. For example, to

 compute the CRC of each decoded input audio frame converted to PCM
 unsigned 8-bit and of each decoded input video frame converted to
 MPEG-2 video, use the command:
 @example

 ffmpeg -i INPUT -c:a pcm_u8 -c:v mpeg2video -f framecrc -

 @end example
 

 See also the @ref{crc} muxer.

 @anchor{framemd5}
 @section framemd5
 
 Per-packet MD5 testing format.
 
 This muxer computes and prints the MD5 hash for each audio
 and video packet. By default audio frames are converted to signed
 16-bit raw audio and video frames to raw video before computing the
 hash.
 
 The output of the muxer consists of a line for each audio and video
 packet of the form:
 @example
 @var{stream_index}, @var{packet_dts}, @var{packet_pts}, @var{packet_duration}, @var{packet_size}, @var{MD5}
 @end example
 
 @var{MD5} is a hexadecimal number representing the computed MD5 hash
 for the packet.
 
 For example to compute the MD5 of the audio and video frames in
 @file{INPUT}, converted to raw audio and video packets, and store it
 in the file @file{out.md5}:
 @example
 ffmpeg -i INPUT -f framemd5 out.md5
 @end example
 
 To print the information to stdout, use the command:
 @example
 ffmpeg -i INPUT -f framemd5 -
 @end example
 
 See also the @ref{md5} muxer.
 

 @anchor{hls}
 @section hls
 
 Apple HTTP Live Streaming muxer that segments MPEG-TS according to
 the HTTP Live Streaming specification.
 
 It creates a playlist file and numbered segment files. The output
 filename specifies the playlist filename; the segment filenames
 receive the same basename as the playlist, a sequential number and
 a .ts extension.
 
 @example

 ffmpeg -i in.nut out.m3u8

 @end example
 
 @table @option

 @item -hls_time @var{seconds}
 Set the segment length in seconds.
 @item -hls_list_size @var{size}
 Set the maximum number of playlist entries.
 @item -hls_wrap @var{wrap}
 Set the number after which index wraps.
 @item -start_number @var{number}
 Start the sequence from @var{number}.

 @end table
 

 @anchor{ico}
 @section ico
 
 ICO file muxer.
 
 Microsoft's icon file format (ICO) has some strict limitations that should be noted:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 Size cannot exceed 256 pixels in any dimension
 
 @item
 Only BMP and PNG images can be stored
 
 @item
 If a BMP image is used, it must be one of the following pixel formats:
 @example
 BMP Bit Depth      FFmpeg Pixel Format
 1bit               pal8
 4bit               pal8
 8bit               pal8
 16bit              rgb555le
 24bit              bgr24
 32bit              bgra
 @end example
 
 @item
 If a BMP image is used, it must use the BITMAPINFOHEADER DIB header
 
 @item
 If a PNG image is used, it must use the rgba pixel format
 @end itemize
 

 @anchor{image2}

 @section image2
 
 Image file muxer.
 

 The image file muxer writes video frames to image files.

 The output filenames are specified by a pattern, which can be used to
 produce sequentially numbered series of files.
 The pattern may contain the string "%d" or "%0@var{N}d", this string

 specifies the position of the characters representing a numbering in

 the filenames. If the form "%0@var{N}d" is used, the string

 representing the number in each filename is 0-padded to @var{N}
 digits. The literal character '%' can be specified in the pattern with
 the string "%%".
 
 If the pattern contains "%d" or "%0@var{N}d", the first filename of
 the file list specified will contain the number 1, all the following
 numbers will be sequential.
 
 The pattern may contain a suffix which is used to automatically
 determine the format of the image files to write.
 
 For example the pattern "img-%03d.bmp" will specify a sequence of
 filenames of the form @file{img-001.bmp}, @file{img-002.bmp}, ...,
 @file{img-010.bmp}, etc.
 The pattern "img%%-%d.jpg" will specify a sequence of filenames of the
 form @file{img%-1.jpg}, @file{img%-2.jpg}, ..., @file{img%-10.jpg},
 etc.
 

 The following example shows how to use @command{ffmpeg} for creating a

 sequence of files @file{img-001.jpeg}, @file{img-002.jpeg}, ...,
 taking one image every second from the input video:
 @example

 ffmpeg -i in.avi -vsync 1 -r 1 -f image2 'img-%03d.jpeg'

 @end example
 

 Note that with @command{ffmpeg}, if the format is not specified with the

 @code{-f} option and the output filename specifies an image file
 format, the image2 muxer is automatically selected, so the previous
 command can be written as:
 @example

 ffmpeg -i in.avi -vsync 1 -r 1 'img-%03d.jpeg'

 @end example
 
 Note also that the pattern must not necessarily contain "%d" or
 "%0@var{N}d", for example to create a single image file
 @file{img.jpeg} from the input video you can employ the command:
 @example

 ffmpeg -i in.avi -f image2 -frames:v 1 img.jpeg

 @end example
 

 @table @option

 @item start_number @var{number}
 Start the sequence from @var{number}. Default value is 1. Must be a
 positive number.
 
 @item updatefirst 1|0
 If set to 1, update the first written image file again and
 again. Default value is 0.

 @end table
 

 The image muxer supports the .Y.U.V image file format. This format is
 special in that that each image frame consists of three files, for
 each of the YUV420P components. To read or write this image file format,
 specify the name of the '.Y' file. The muxer will automatically open the
 '.U' and '.V' files as required.
 

 @anchor{md5}
 @section md5
 
 MD5 testing format.
 
 This muxer computes and prints the MD5 hash of all the input audio
 and video frames. By default audio frames are converted to signed
 16-bit raw audio and video frames to raw video before computing the
 hash.
 
 The output of the muxer consists of a single line of the form:
 MD5=@var{MD5}, where @var{MD5} is a hexadecimal number representing
 the computed MD5 hash.
 
 For example to compute the MD5 hash of the input converted to raw
 audio and video, and store it in the file @file{out.md5}:
 @example
 ffmpeg -i INPUT -f md5 out.md5
 @end example
 
 You can print the MD5 to stdout with the command:
 @example
 ffmpeg -i INPUT -f md5 -
 @end example
 
 See also the @ref{framemd5} muxer.
 

 @section MOV/MP4/ISMV
 
 The mov/mp4/ismv muxer supports fragmentation. Normally, a MOV/MP4
 file has all the metadata about all packets stored in one location
 (written at the end of the file, it can be moved to the start for

 better playback by adding @var{faststart} to the @var{movflags}, or
 using the @command{qt-faststart} tool). A fragmented

 file consists of a number of fragments, where packets and metadata
 about these packets are stored together. Writing a fragmented
 file has the advantage that the file is decodable even if the
 writing is interrupted (while a normal MOV/MP4 is undecodable if
 it is not properly finished), and it requires less memory when writing
 very long files (since writing normal MOV/MP4 files stores info about
 every single packet in memory until the file is closed). The downside
 is that it is less compatible with other applications.
 
 Fragmentation is enabled by setting one of the AVOptions that define
 how to cut the file into fragments:

 
 @table @option
 @item -moov_size @var{bytes}

 Reserves space for the moov atom at the beginning of the file instead of placing the

 moov atom at the end. If the space reserved is insufficient, muxing will fail.

 @item -movflags frag_keyframe
 Start a new fragment at each video keyframe.
 @item -frag_duration @var{duration}
 Create fragments that are @var{duration} microseconds long.
 @item -frag_size @var{size}
 Create fragments that contain up to @var{size} bytes of payload data.
 @item -movflags frag_custom
 Allow the caller to manually choose when to cut fragments, by
 calling @code{av_write_frame(ctx, NULL)} to write a fragment with
 the packets written so far. (This is only useful with other

 applications integrating libavformat, not from @command{ffmpeg}.)

 @item -min_frag_duration @var{duration}
 Don't create fragments that are shorter than @var{duration} microseconds long.

 @end table
 

 If more than one condition is specified, fragments are cut when
 one of the specified conditions is fulfilled. The exception to this is
 @code{-min_frag_duration}, which has to be fulfilled for any of the other
 conditions to apply.
 

 Additionally, the way the output file is written can be adjusted
 through a few other options:
 
 @table @option
 @item -movflags empty_moov
 Write an initial moov atom directly at the start of the file, without
 describing any samples in it. Generally, an mdat/moov pair is written
 at the start of the file, as a normal MOV/MP4 file, containing only
 a short portion of the file. With this option set, there is no initial
 mdat atom, and the moov atom only describes the tracks but has
 a zero duration.
 
 Files written with this option set do not work in QuickTime.
 This option is implicitly set when writing ismv (Smooth Streaming) files.
 @item -movflags separate_moof
 Write a separate moof (movie fragment) atom for each track. Normally,
 packets for all tracks are written in a moof atom (which is slightly
 more efficient), but with this option set, the muxer writes one moof/mdat
 pair for each track, making it easier to separate tracks.
 
 This option is implicitly set when writing ismv (Smooth Streaming) files.

 @item -movflags faststart
 Run a second pass moving the moov atom on top of the file. This
 operation can take a while, and will not work in various situations such
 as fragmented output, thus it is not enabled by default.

 @item -movflags rtphint
 Add RTP hinting tracks to the output file.

 @end table
 

 Smooth Streaming content can be pushed in real time to a publishing
 point on IIS with this muxer. Example:
 @example

 ffmpeg -re @var{<normal input/transcoding options>} -movflags isml+frag_keyframe -f ismv http://server/publishingpoint.isml/Streams(Encoder1)

 @end example
 

 @section mpegts
 
 MPEG transport stream muxer.
 
 This muxer implements ISO 13818-1 and part of ETSI EN 300 468.
 
 The muxer options are:
 
 @table @option
 @item -mpegts_original_network_id @var{number}
 Set the original_network_id (default 0x0001). This is unique identifier
 of a network in DVB. Its main use is in the unique identification of a
 service through the path Original_Network_ID, Transport_Stream_ID.
 @item -mpegts_transport_stream_id @var{number}
 Set the transport_stream_id (default 0x0001). This identifies a
 transponder in DVB.
 @item -mpegts_service_id @var{number}
 Set the service_id (default 0x0001) also known as program in DVB.
 @item -mpegts_pmt_start_pid @var{number}
 Set the first PID for PMT (default 0x1000, max 0x1f00).
 @item -mpegts_start_pid @var{number}
 Set the first PID for data packets (default 0x0100, max 0x0f00).
 @end table
 
 The recognized metadata settings in mpegts muxer are @code{service_provider}
 and @code{service_name}. If they are not set the default for

 @code{service_provider} is "FFmpeg" and the default for

 @code{service_name} is "Service01".
 
 @example

 ffmpeg -i file.mpg -c copy \

      -mpegts_original_network_id 0x1122 \
      -mpegts_transport_stream_id 0x3344 \
      -mpegts_service_id 0x5566 \
      -mpegts_pmt_start_pid 0x1500 \
      -mpegts_start_pid 0x150 \
      -metadata service_provider="Some provider" \
      -metadata service_name="Some Channel" \
      -y out.ts
 @end example
 

 @section null
 
 Null muxer.
 
 This muxer does not generate any output file, it is mainly useful for
 testing or benchmarking purposes.
 

 For example to benchmark decoding with @command{ffmpeg} you can use the

 command:
 @example
 ffmpeg -benchmark -i INPUT -f null out.null
 @end example
 
 Note that the above command does not read or write the @file{out.null}

 file, but specifying the output file is required by the @command{ffmpeg}

 syntax.
 
 Alternatively you can write the command as:
 @example
 ffmpeg -benchmark -i INPUT -f null -
 @end example
 

 @section matroska
 
 Matroska container muxer.
 
 This muxer implements the matroska and webm container specs.
 
 The recognized metadata settings in this muxer are:
 
 @table @option
 
 @item title=@var{title name}
 Name provided to a single track
 @end table
 
 @table @option
 
 @item language=@var{language name}
 Specifies the language of the track in the Matroska languages form
 @end table
 
 @table @option
 

 @item stereo_mode=@var{mode}

 Stereo 3D video layout of two views in a single video track
 @table @option
 @item mono
 video is not stereo
 @item left_right
 Both views are arranged side by side, Left-eye view is on the left
 @item bottom_top
 Both views are arranged in top-bottom orientation, Left-eye view is at bottom
 @item top_bottom
 Both views are arranged in top-bottom orientation, Left-eye view is on top
 @item checkerboard_rl
 Each view is arranged in a checkerboard interleaved pattern, Left-eye view being first
 @item checkerboard_lr
 Each view is arranged in a checkerboard interleaved pattern, Right-eye view being first
 @item row_interleaved_rl
 Each view is constituted by a row based interleaving, Right-eye view is first row
 @item row_interleaved_lr
 Each view is constituted by a row based interleaving, Left-eye view is first row
 @item col_interleaved_rl
 Both views are arranged in a column based interleaving manner, Right-eye view is first column
 @item col_interleaved_lr
 Both views are arranged in a column based interleaving manner, Left-eye view is first column
 @item anaglyph_cyan_red
 All frames are in anaglyph format viewable through red-cyan filters
 @item right_left
 Both views are arranged side by side, Right-eye view is on the left
 @item anaglyph_green_magenta
 All frames are in anaglyph format viewable through green-magenta filters
 @item block_lr
 Both eyes laced in one Block, Left-eye view is first
 @item block_rl
 Both eyes laced in one Block, Right-eye view is first
 @end table
 @end table
 
 For example a 3D WebM clip can be created using the following command line:
 @example

 ffmpeg -i sample_left_right_clip.mpg -an -c:v libvpx -metadata stereo_mode=left_right -y stereo_clip.webm

 @end example
 

 @section segment, stream_segment, ssegment

 
 Basic stream segmenter.
 
 The segmenter muxer outputs streams to a number of separate files of nearly
 fixed duration. Output filename pattern can be set in a fashion similar to
 @ref{image2}.
 

 @code{stream_segment} is a variant of the muxer used to write to
 streaming output formats, i.e. which do not require global headers,
 and is recommended for outputting e.g. to MPEG transport stream segments.
 @code{ssegment} is a shorter alias for @code{stream_segment}.
 

 Every segment starts with a keyframe of the selected reference stream,
 which is set through the @option{reference_stream} option.
 

 Note that if you want accurate splitting for a video file, you need to
 make the input key frames correspond to the exact splitting times
 expected by the segmenter, or the segment muxer will start the new
 segment with the key frame found next after the specified start
 time.
 

 The segment muxer works best with a single constant frame rate video.
 

 Optionally it can generate a list of the created segments, by setting
 the option @var{segment_list}. The list type is specified by the
 @var{segment_list_type} option.

 
 The segment muxer supports the following options:

 
 @table @option

 @item reference_stream @var{specifier}
 Set the reference stream, as specified by the string @var{specifier}.
 If @var{specifier} is set to @code{auto}, the reference is choosen

 automatically. Otherwise it must be a stream specifier (see the ``Stream

 specifiers'' chapter in the ffmpeg manual) which specifies the
 reference stream. The default value is ``auto''.
 

 @item segment_format @var{format}
 Override the inner container format, by default it is guessed by the filename
 extension.

 @item segment_list @var{name}

 Generate also a listfile named @var{name}. If not specified no
 listfile is generated.

 @item segment_list_flags @var{flags}
 Set flags affecting the segment list generation.
 
 It currently supports the following flags:
 @table @var
 @item cache
 Allow caching (only affects M3U8 list files).
 
 @item live
 Allow live-friendly file generation.
 @end table
 
 Default value is @code{cache}.
 

 @item segment_list_size @var{size}

 Update the list file so that it contains at most the last @var{size}
 segments. If 0 the list file will contain all the segments. Default
 value is 0.
 

 @item segment_list type @var{type}
 Specify the format for the segment list file.
 
 The following values are recognized:
 @table @option
 @item flat
 Generate a flat list for the created segments, one segment per line.
 

 @item csv, ext

 Generate a list for the created segments, one segment per line,

 each line matching the format (comma-separated values):

 @example
 @var{segment_filename},@var{segment_start_time},@var{segment_end_time}
 @end example
 
 @var{segment_filename} is the name of the output file generated by the

 muxer according to the provided pattern. CSV escaping (according to
 RFC4180) is applied if required.

 
 @var{segment_start_time} and @var{segment_end_time} specify
 the segment start and end time expressed in seconds.

 A list file with the suffix @code{".csv"} or @code{".ext"} will
 auto-select this format.
 
 @code{ext} is deprecated in favor or @code{csv}.
 

 @item ffconcat
 Generate an ffconcat file for the created segments. The resulting file
 can be read using the FFmpeg @ref{concat} demuxer.
 
 A list file with the suffix @code{".ffcat"} or @code{".ffconcat"} will
 auto-select this format.
 

 @item m3u8

 Generate an extended M3U8 file, version 3, compliant with
 @url{http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-pantos-http-live-streaming}.

 
 A list file with the suffix @code{".m3u8"} will auto-select this format.

 @end table
 

 If not specified the type is guessed from the list file name suffix.

 @item segment_time @var{time}

 Set segment duration to @var{time}, the value must be a duration
 specification. Default value is "2". See also the
 @option{segment_times} option.
 
 Note that splitting may not be accurate, unless you force the
 reference stream key-frames at the given time. See the introductory
 notice and the examples below.

 @item segment_time_delta @var{delta}
 Specify the accuracy time when selecting the start time for a

 segment, expressed as a duration specification. Default value is "0".

 
 When delta is specified a key-frame will start a new segment if its
 PTS satisfies the relation:
 @example
 PTS >= start_time - time_delta
 @end example
 
 This option is useful when splitting video content, which is always
 split at GOP boundaries, in case a key frame is found just before the
 specified split time.
 
 In particular may be used in combination with the @file{ffmpeg} option
 @var{force_key_frames}. The key frame times specified by
 @var{force_key_frames} may not be set accurately because of rounding
 issues, with the consequence that a key frame time may result set just
 before the specified time. For constant frame rate videos a value of
 1/2*@var{frame_rate} should address the worst case mismatch between
 the specified time and the time set by @var{force_key_frames}.
 

 @item segment_times @var{times}
 Specify a list of split points. @var{times} contains a list of comma

 separated duration specifications, in increasing order. See also
 the @option{segment_time} option.

 @item segment_frames @var{frames}
 Specify a list of split video frame numbers. @var{frames} contains a
 list of comma separated integer numbers, in increasing order.
 
 This option specifies to start a new segment whenever a reference
 stream key frame is found and the sequential number (starting from 0)
 of the frame is greater or equal to the next value in the list.
 

 @item segment_wrap @var{limit}
 Wrap around segment index once it reaches @var{limit}.

 @item segment_start_number @var{number}
 Set the sequence number of the first segment. Defaults to @code{0}.
 

 @item reset_timestamps @var{1|0}
 Reset timestamps at the begin of each segment, so that each segment
 will start with near-zero timestamps. It is meant to ease the playback
 of the generated segments. May not work with some combinations of
 muxers/codecs. It is set to @code{0} by default.

 @end table
 

 @subsection Examples

 
 @itemize
 @item
 To remux the content of file @file{in.mkv} to a list of segments
 @file{out-000.nut}, @file{out-001.nut}, etc., and write the list of
 generated segments to @file{out.list}:

 @example

 ffmpeg -i in.mkv -codec copy -map 0 -f segment -segment_list out.list out%03d.nut

 @end example
 

 @item

 As the example above, but segment the input file according to the split
 points specified by the @var{segment_times} option:
 @example

 ffmpeg -i in.mkv -codec copy -map 0 -f segment -segment_list out.csv -segment_times 1,2,3,5,8,13,21 out%03d.nut

 @end example
 
 @item

 As the example above, but use the @code{ffmpeg} @var{force_key_frames}
 option to force key frames in the input at the specified location, together
 with the segment option @var{segment_time_delta} to account for
 possible roundings operated when setting key frame times.
 @example

 ffmpeg -i in.mkv -force_key_frames 1,2,3,5,8,13,21 -codec:v mpeg4 -codec:a pcm_s16le -map 0 \

 -f segment -segment_list out.csv -segment_times 1,2,3,5,8,13,21 -segment_time_delta 0.05 out%03d.nut

 @end example
 In order to force key frames on the input file, transcoding is
 required.
 
 @item

 Segment the input file by splitting the input file according to the

 frame numbers sequence specified with the @var{segment_frames} option:

 @example
 ffmpeg -i in.mkv -codec copy -map 0 -f segment -segment_list out.csv -segment_frames 100,200,300,500,800 out%03d.nut
 @end example
 
 @item

 To convert the @file{in.mkv} to TS segments using the @code{libx264}
 and @code{libfaac} encoders:
 @example
 ffmpeg -i in.mkv -map 0 -codec:v libx264 -codec:a libfaac -f ssegment -segment_list out.list out%03d.ts
 @end example

 
 @item
 Segment the input file, and create an M3U8 live playlist (can be used
 as live HLS source):
 @example
 ffmpeg -re -i in.mkv -codec copy -map 0 -f segment -segment_list playlist.m3u8 \
 -segment_list_flags +live -segment_time 10 out%03d.mkv
 @end example

 @end itemize
 

 @section mp3
 
 The MP3 muxer writes a raw MP3 stream with an ID3v2 header at the beginning and
 optionally an ID3v1 tag at the end. ID3v2.3 and ID3v2.4 are supported, the
 @code{id3v2_version} option controls which one is used. The legacy ID3v1 tag is
 not written by default, but may be enabled with the @code{write_id3v1} option.
 
 For seekable output the muxer also writes a Xing frame at the beginning, which
 contains the number of frames in the file. It is useful for computing duration
 of VBR files.
 
 The muxer supports writing ID3v2 attached pictures (APIC frames). The pictures
 are supplied to the muxer in form of a video stream with a single packet. There
 can be any number of those streams, each will correspond to a single APIC frame.
 The stream metadata tags @var{title} and @var{comment} map to APIC
 @var{description} and @var{picture type} respectively. See
 @url{http://id3.org/id3v2.4.0-frames} for allowed picture types.
 
 Note that the APIC frames must be written at the beginning, so the muxer will
 buffer the audio frames until it gets all the pictures. It is therefore advised
 to provide the pictures as soon as possible to avoid excessive buffering.
 
 Examples:
 
 Write an mp3 with an ID3v2.3 header and an ID3v1 footer:
 @example

 ffmpeg -i INPUT -id3v2_version 3 -write_id3v1 1 out.mp3

 @end example
 

 To attach a picture to an mp3 file select both the audio and the picture stream
 with @code{map}:

 @example

 ffmpeg -i input.mp3 -i cover.png -c copy -map 0 -map 1
 -metadata:s:v title="Album cover" -metadata:s:v comment="Cover (Front)" out.mp3

 @end example

 @section ogg
 
 Ogg container muxer.
 
 @table @option
 @item -page_duration @var{duration}
 Preferred page duration, in microseconds. The muxer will attempt to create
 pages that are approximately @var{duration} microseconds long. This allows the
 user to compromise between seek granularity and container overhead. The default
 is 1 second. A value of 0 will fill all segments, making pages as large as
 possible. A value of 1 will effectively use 1 packet-per-page in most
 situations, giving a small seek granularity at the cost of additional container
 overhead.
 @end table
 

 @section tee
 
 The tee muxer can be used to write the same data to several files or any
 other kind of muxer. It can be used, for example, to both stream a video to
 the network and save it to disk at the same time.
 
 It is different from specifying several outputs to the @command{ffmpeg}
 command-line tool because the audio and video data will be encoded only once
 with the tee muxer; encoding can be a very expensive process. It is not
 useful when using the libavformat API directly because it is then possible
 to feed the same packets to several muxers directly.
 
 The slave outputs are specified in the file name given to the muxer,
 separated by '|'. If any of the slave name contains the '|' separator,
 leading or trailing spaces or any special character, it must be

 escaped (see the ``Quoting and escaping'' section in the ffmpeg-utils
 manual).

 
 Options can be specified for each slave by prepending them as a list of
 @var{key}=@var{value} pairs separated by ':', between square brackets. If
 the options values contain a special character or the ':' separator, they

 must be escaped; note that this is a second level escaping.

 
 Example: encode something and both archive it in a WebM file and stream it

 as MPEG-TS over UDP (the streams need to be explicitly mapped):

 
 @example

 ffmpeg -i ... -c:v libx264 -c:a mp2 -f tee -map 0:v -map 0:a

   "archive-20121107.mkv|[f=mpegts]udp://10.0.1.255:1234/"
 @end example
 
 Note: some codecs may need different options depending on the output format;
 the auto-detection of this can not work with the tee muxer. The main example
 is the @option{global_header} flag.
 

 @c man end MUXERS